The Back-to-Africa Movement was a historical movement that emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily among African Americans, who advocated for the return of African descendants to the continent of Africa. The movement was a response to the ongoing discrimination, racism, and limited opportunities faced by African Americans in the United States following the abolition of slavery.

One of the key figures associated with the Back-to-Africa Movement was Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born Black nationalist and leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Garvey's philosophy emphasized Black pride, self-reliance, and the importance of African heritage and identity. He famously promoted the idea of a "Back to Africa" movement as a means for African Americans to reclaim their dignity and find freedom and opportunity away from the systemic racism of the United States.

In 1920, Garvey established the Black Star Line, a shipping company aimed at facilitating the transportation of African Americans back to Africa. While the venture ultimately faced financial challenges and was not successful, the idea of returning to Africa resonated with many African Americans and fueled a sense of Pan-Africanism - the belief in the unity and solidarity of people of African descent worldwide.

Although the Back-to-Africa Movement did not result in mass repatriation to Africa, it had a significant impact on Black consciousness and identity. The movement laid the groundwork for future efforts in the Civil Rights Movement and inspired generations of Black activists and leaders to fight for racial equality and justice.